We discuss event-related power differences (ERPDs) in low- and broadband-γ oscillations as the edge of embedded clauses is processed in wh-dependencies such as Which decision regarding/about him/her did Paul say that Lydie rejected without hesitation? in native and nonnative French speakers. The experimental conditions manipulated whether pronouns appeared in modifiers (Mods) or in noun complements (Comps) and whether they matched or mismatched a matrix-clause subject in gender. Across native and nonnative speakers, we found that anaphora-linked ERPDs for Mods vs. Comps in evoked power first arose in low γ and then in broadband γ. Therefore, referential elements first seem to be retrieved from working memory by narrowband processes in low-γ and then referential identification seems to be computed in broadband-γ output. Interactions between discourse- and syntax-based referential processes for the Mods vs. Comps in these ERPDs furthermore suggest that multidomain γ-range processing enables a range of elementary operations for discourse and semantic interpretation. We argue that a multidomain mechanism enabling operations conditioned by the syntactic and semantic nature of the elements processed interacts with local brain microcircuits representing features and feature sets that have been established in first- or second-language acquisition, accounting for a single language epistemology for native and nonnative language.
To gain insight into how the POP scaffold might give rise to the observed ArM selectivity, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted on models of 5-G that involved different starting coordination states of dirhodium cofactor 1. Three starting coordination states (5-G apo, 5-G with parameterized Rh-His bond, 5-G without Rh-His bond) were studied. The initial structure of 5-G apo was constructed from the crystal structure of POP, with the following amino acids mutations made using VMD17: S477F/E104A/F146A/K199A/D202A/S301G/G99S/Y326H/Q98P/S99H/V71G/E283G. The 5-G with Rh-His and 5-G without Rh-His bond models were constructed by mutating S477Z (Z is azidophenylalanine, where dirhodium cofactor 1 covalently links to the protein), which is the only other mutation from 5-G apo. No other changes where made to the model without a Rh-His bond. The Rh-His model contains a parameterized H326 bond to one of the dirhodium atoms, as shown in Figure 2D.
MD simulations were performed for the 5-G apo, with Rh-His and no Rh-His POP enzymes. All three structures were bathed in a 0.15M KCl solution using the Solution Builder Module in CHARMM-GUI.18 These systems were roughly 100 100 100 Å3 in dimension and contained ~ 110,000 atoms. The periodic boundary conditions were counted using the particle-mesh Ewald method with an automatic generated grid size.
Once the simulation systems were generated, they were subjected to equilibration at 358.15 K. The system was first equilibrated in an NVT ensemble for 10 ns. The equilibration simulations were performed using NAMD2.14 GPU acceleration version package19 on Nvidia’s P100 GPUs. After equilibration, the systems were simulated for 1000 ns each in an NPT ensemble with temperature set to 358.15 K and the isotropic pressure set to 1 atm. Langevin thermostats with a damping coefficient of 1 ps-1 were used to keep the temperature constant. The cutoff of the van der Waals interactions and short-range electrostatic interactions were set to ~25 Å as suggested by the guesser script. The additive C36 force field was used in all the simulations performed here.20,21,22,23 The force field parameters for the covalently linked dirhodium cofactor 1 were generated using the GAAMP server.24
The IU collection of these (mostly) former Soviet Red Army topographic maps came to us from the duplicate map room of the Library of Congress Map Collection. While by no means complete, this collection is a fine addition to our existing international map holdings. These maps have a great story to tell: some carry the stamp from both the University of Berlin and the University of Bonn Geography Departments, some are stamped "Captured Map", some carry the ID of the CIA Map Library or the Bureau of Geographic Names, and still others are hand-annotated. They are in a variety of conditions (paper, laminated, photographically reproduced in color or black and white, plasticized, or muslin-backed). The collection ranges from around 1880-1945 with a geographic extent mostly centered around Eastern Europe and Western Russia.
